Results

Descriptives

Descriptives
	Confidence_average	Correctly_labeled_as_disinfo	Correctly_labeled_as_news	Correct_total	Percentage_correct_disinfo	Percentage_correct_news
N	100	100	100	100	100	100
Missing	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mean	4.91	11.5	2.66	14.2	76.9	53.2
Median	5.33	12.0	3.00	15.0	80.0	60.0
Standard deviation	2.66	2.62	1.46	2.90	17.5	29.2
Minimum	0.160	4	0	7	26.7	0.00
Maximum	9.84	16	5	20	107	100
Skewness	0.0501	-0.701	-0.105	-0.396	-0.701	-0.105
Std. error skewness	0.241	0.241	0.241	0.241	0.241	0.241
Kurtosis	-1.15	-0.0296	-0.908	-0.442	-0.0297	-0.908
Std. error kurtosis	0.478	0.478	0.478	0.478	0.478	0.478
Shapiro-Wilk W	0.958	0.940	0.932	0.965	0.940	0.932
Shapiro-Wilk p	0.003	< .001	< .001	0.009	< .001	< .001
25th percentile	2.55	10.0	2.00	12.0	66.7	40.0
50th percentile	5.33	12.0	3.00	15.0	80.0	60.0
75th percentile	6.95	13.3	4.00	16.0	88.3	80.0

Plots

Confidence_average

Correctly_labeled_as_disinfo

Correctly_labeled_as_news

Correct_total

Percentage_correct_disinfo

Percentage_correct_news

Descriptives

Descriptives
	Sex	Group
N	female	50
	male	50
Missing	female	0
	male	0
Mean	female
	male
Median	female
	male
Standard deviation	female
	male
Minimum	female
	male
Maximum	female
	male

Frequencies

Frequencies of Group
Group	Sex	Counts	% of Total	Cumulative %
C	female	25	25.0 %	25.0 %
	male	25	25.0 %	50.0 %
E	female	25	25.0 %	75.0 %
	male	25	25.0 %	100.0 %

Independent Samples T-Test

Independent Samples T-Test
		Statistic	df	p	Mean difference	SE difference		Effect Size
Confidence_average	Welch's t	1.38	95.8	0.171	0.731	0.530	Cohen's d	0.276
	Mann-Whitney U	1058		0.187	0.680		Rank biserial correlation	0.154
Note. Hₐ μ _C ≠ μ _E

Group Descriptives
	Group	N	Mean	Median	SD	SE
Confidence_average	C	50	5.27	5.48	2.84	0.402
	E	50	4.54	4.56	2.44	0.345

Plots

Confidence_average

Contingency Tables

Contingency Tables
		Group
Confidence_group		C	E	Total
low	Observed	24	26	50
	Expected	25.0	25.0	50.0
high	Observed	26	24	50
	Expected	25.0	25.0	50.0
Total	Observed	50	50	100
	Expected	50.0	50.0	100.0

χ² Tests
	Value	df	p
χ²	0.160	1	0.689
N	100

Comparative Measures
		95% Confidence Intervals
	Value	Lower	Upper
Odds ratio	0.852	0.389	1.87

Independent Samples T-Test

Independent Samples T-Test
		Statistic	df	p	Mean difference	SE difference		Effect Size
Correct_total	Welch's t	3.21	97.9	0.002	1.780	0.554	Cohen's d	0.642
	Mann-Whitney U	802		0.002	2.00		Rank biserial correlation	0.3588
Correctly_labeled_as_disinfo	Welch's t	1.03	95.5	0.305	0.540	0.524	Cohen's d	0.206
	Mann-Whitney U	1130		0.404	2.97e-6		Rank biserial correlation	0.0964
Correctly_labeled_as_news	Welch's t	4.68	97.1	< .001	1.240	0.265	Cohen's d	0.936
	Mann-Whitney U	641		< .001	1.00		Rank biserial correlation	0.4876
Note. Hₐ μ _C ≠ μ _E

Group Descriptives
	Group	N	Mean	Median	SD	SE
Correct_total	C	50	15.08	16.00	2.82	0.399
	E	50	13.30	13.00	2.72	0.385
Correctly_labeled_as_disinfo	C	50	11.80	12.00	2.40	0.339
	E	50	11.26	12.00	2.82	0.399
Correctly_labeled_as_news	C	50	3.28	4.00	1.39	0.196
	E	50	2.04	2.00	1.26	0.178

Plots

Correct_total

Correctly_labeled_as_disinfo

Correctly_labeled_as_news

Repeated Measures ANOVA

Within Subjects Effects
	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	p	η²_G
percentage of correct	28005	1	28005	49.52	< .001	0.221
percentage of correct ✻ Group	5618	1	5618	9.93	0.002	0.054
Residual	55419	98	566
Note. Type 3 Sums of Squares

[4]

Between Subjects Effects
	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	p	η²_G
Group	10082	1	10082	22.9	< .001	0.093
Residual	43230	98	441
Note. Type 3 Sums of Squares

Post Hoc Tests

Post Hoc Comparisons - percentage of correct
Comparison
percentage of correct		percentage of correct	Mean Difference	SE	df	t	p_bonferroni
disinfo	-	news	23.7	3.36	98.0	7.04	< .001

Post Hoc Comparisons - Group
Comparison
Group		Group	Mean Difference	SE	df	t	p_bonferroni
C	-	E	14.2	2.97	98.0	4.78	< .001

Post Hoc Comparisons - percentage of correct ✻ Group
Comparison
percentage of correct	Group		percentage of correct	Group	Mean Difference	SE	df	t	p_bonferroni
disinfo	C	-	disinfo	E	3.60	3.49	98.0	1.03	1.000
		-	news	C	13.07	4.76	98.0	2.75	0.043
		-	news	E	37.87	4.49	98.0	8.44	< .001
	E	-	news	C	9.47	4.49	98.0	2.11	0.225
		-	news	E	34.27	4.76	98.0	7.20	< .001
news	C	-	news	E	24.80	5.30	98.0	4.68	< .001

[5]

Estimated Marginal Means

percentage of correct ✻ Group

Estimated Marginal Means - percentage of correct ✻ Group
				95% Confidence Interval
Group	percentage of correct	Mean	SE	Lower	Upper
C	disinfo	78.7	2.47	73.8	83.6
	news	65.6	3.75	58.2	73.0
E	disinfo	75.1	2.47	70.2	80.0
	news	40.8	3.75	33.4	48.2

[5]

Independent Samples T-Test

Independent Samples T-Test
		Statistic	df	p	Mean difference	SE difference		Effect Size
Confidence_average	Welch's t	-1.93	96.2	0.056	-1.01	0.525	Cohen's d	-0.386
	Mann-Whitney U	982		0.065	-1.13		Rank biserial correlation	0.215
Note. Hₐ μ _female ≠ μ _male

Group Descriptives
	Group	N	Mean	Median	SD	SE
Confidence_average	female	50	4.40	3.50	2.80	0.396
	male	50	5.42	5.77	2.44	0.345

Plots

Confidence_average

References

[1] The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.

[2] R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 4.1) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org. (R packages retrieved from MRAN snapshot 2022-01-01).

[3] Kerby, D. S. (2014). The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Comprehensive Psychology, 3, 2165–2228.

[4] Singmann, H. (2018). afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments. [R package]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=afex.

[5] Lenth, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. [R package]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=emmeans.